Cold sores, often referred to as fever blisters, are small, fluid-filled blisters that typically appear around the lips, mouth, or nose. They are caused mainly by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), although herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)—more commonly linked with genital herpes—can also cause oral cold sores, especially through oral-genital contact.
Once infected, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate later, leading to recurrent outbreaks. While cold sores are common and generally harmless, they can be uncomfortable, contagious, and occasionally embarrassing. Knowing how to care for them can significantly reduce the duration and severity of outbreaks.
Causes and Transmission
• HSV-1 is typically transmitted through direct contact with an infected person’s skin or bodily fluids—like kissing or sharing personal items (lip balm, utensils, towels).
• HSV-2 may cause oral sores when transmitted during oral-genital contact.
• Once the virus enters the body, it resides in the nerve cells and can remain dormant for long periods.
Symptoms of Cold Sores
Cold sores usually progress through five distinct stages:
• Tingling/Burning: A tingling or itching sensation around the mouth, often the first sign.
• Blistering: Clusters of small fluid-filled blisters appear.
• Weeping: Blisters burst and ooze clear fluid.
• Crusting: A yellowish-brown scab forms over the sore.
• Healing: The scab falls off, often without scarring.
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